ABSTRACT
1) Children's data (10-18 years old) of back strength, height, grip strength and running long jump from data book of Japan Education Ministry (1964-1981) were analyzed. Back strength was mainly studied and was compared with other data (grip strength etc.) . The groups with high average values for back strength at 10-14 years old did not necessarily show high values for back strength at 17 years old, or vice versa. Values for back strength at 10-14 years old were not significantly correlated with those at 17 years old.<BR>2) Using the data from data book mentioned above, tension of deep back muscle (FMUS) was calculated based on kinetic models (FMUS. I, II, III) . Calculated FMUS values were 3-5 times larger than measured back strength values at each age.<BR>3) Relative change of back strength and FMUS in 1964-1981 were compared. All values for back strength were lower than those for FMUS except in 1967. During the late 1960th and the 1970th, average back strength values gradully decreased, but the decrease of FMUS was less obvious than that of back strength.<BR>4) Based on the data of 422 children (7-12 years old, male and femele), values of diaphragm area were approximated with some assumptions, and then FMUS values were calculated. FMUS values calculated by approximate diaphragm area were significantly larger than those calculated by constant diaphragm area (465 cm2) .<BR>The figure for getting FMUS values easily was offered to avoid troublesome calculation. This consists of two graphs, and one can read FMUS values with reasonable precision. Parameters needed for getting FMUS values are sexuality, height, body weight and back strength.
ABSTRACT
We have developed the new dynamometer to measure twist strength of upper limbs that was not investigated sufficiently before. This dynamometer can measure both twisting hold strength and torque at a time. Therefore, it can be applied to motion analysis at demonstrating muscle strength. Both development curve of the age group's average of the average hold strength of left and right hand { (LH⋅HS+RH⋅HS) /2} and the average twisting hold strength of left and right hand { (LF⋅HS+RF⋅HS) /2} showed the peak of development in man's thirties and in woman's twenties-thirties and then marked depreciation gradually with ageing. The average torque of forward twisting of left hand and that of right hand { (LF⋅T+RF⋅T) /2} showed the same tendency in respect of the peak of development too, but woman's curve showed the peak in twenties different from that in man and then didn't mark depreciation remarkably. From the analysis with respect to twisting motion by the subjects of right handedness, we have recognized that the twisting hold strength of right hand by the action of left or right forward twisting (LF·RH·HS, RF·RH·HS) is greater than that of left hand (LF·LH·HS, RF·LH·HS), the torque of forward twisting of left hand (LF·T) is greater than that of right hand (RF·T) and that the hand of back twisting supports the grip-torque dynamometer from the result of EMG. Therefore, we can understand that the stronger torque is generated by the motion of forward twisting of left hand which can support stronger than by that of right hand. But we have recognized too that the average hold strength and the average torque correlate to one another closely. Therefor, we can understand that it requires the stronger hold strength to generate the higher torque.
ABSTRACT
Triglyceride contents of liver, heart muscle and skeletal muscles (rectus femoris, tibiaris anterior, soleus, plantaris and extensir digitrum longus) were determined on 1, 3.5, 14, 18 and 21 months-old rats, and especially on 14 and 21 months-old rats composition of triglyceride fatty acids was analyzed and interrelation of these triglyceride contents with aging of rats was studied quantitively and qualitatively. Following results were obtained<BR>1) Changs in liver and muscular triglyceride contents appeared on 14 months-old rats and were significant increase at 21 months-old rats.<BR>2) Liver triglyceride content significantly decreased at 21 months-old rats (p<0.05) .<BR>3) lrriglyceride contents of tibiaris anterior and extensor digitrum longus muscles were mostly unchangeable through the aging of rats.<BR>4) But triglyceride contents of soleus, rectus femoris and plantaris muscles in 21 months-old rats significantly increased (p<0.05) and the individual difference was great.<BR>5) In composition of triglyceride fatty acids, increase of C<SUB>18</SUB>, C<SUB>18-1</SUB>, C<SUB>18-2</SUB> and C<SUB>18-3</SUB> was observed in epididymal adipose tissue, soleus and rectus femoris muscle on 21 months-old rats, but in extensor digitrum longus and tibiaris anterior muscles.<BR>From these results, changes of tissue triglyceride contents with aging of rats are different in each tissue and increase of triglyceride content is present with qualitative changes in composition of triglyceride fatty acids, increase of long chain and unsaturated fatty acids, and organic specificity, which is related to the functional changes with aging of rats is considered.
ABSTRACT
34 male rats (13 weeks old) were used in this experiment. 11 rats were at rest and 23 rats were loaded to run on a treadmill with 2 degree slope at a speed of 25m/min. Relation between quantities of blood substances (plasma glycerol, blood lactate and plasma free fatty acids ; FFA) and lipolytic activity of epididymal adipose tissue was studied to clarify a mechanism of lipolysis of the adipose tissue in the exercise.<BR>1) Plasma FFA and glycerol began to increase in parallel at 30 min after the run, but at exhaustion only plasma glycerol enhanced.<BR>2) Blood lactate increased at 10 min after the run and more at exhaustion.<BR>3) Basal lipolytic activity of epididymal adipose tissue in vitro was not influenced by the run, while norepinephrine induced lipolysis of the adipose tissue decreased with lapse of running time. Relation between plasma FFA and lipolytic activity of epididymal adipose tissue was inverse during the run.<BR>4) There was also inverse relation between blood lactate and lipolytic activity of adipose tissue induced with norepinephrine. From these results, it is assumed that the increase of plasma FFA during the exercise was not resulted from the increase of lipolytic activity of the adipose tissue stimulated with only norepinephrine and effects of other hormones (ACTH, Glucagon, Growth hormone and etc.) and their interactions on the lipolysis might be considered.
ABSTRACT
Lipolytic activity of adipose tissue with age has been widely investigated by many authors. There are differences on the conception of intrinsic lipolytic activity of a cell changed with aging. Since lipolytic activity has been expressed by amount of FFA release per wet weight, per triglyceride or per protein, increase of triglyceride or wet weight seems to be a main factor to affect on it. It is of interest, therefore, to investigate the intrinsic lipolytic activity of adipose tissue with aging from the relationship among FFA release, wet weight, protein and triglyceride content in adipose tissue.<BR>In the present paper, we investigated effect of aging on lipolysis by using epididymal adipose tissue in 29, 35, 43, 57, 105 and 350 days rats. Rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (4mg/100g body weight) and after that epididymal adipose tissue were removed and washed out the blood by 25°C Krebs-Ringer solution. The fat pads were placed in glass bottles containing Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer solution (pH 7.2-7.4), bovine serum albumin (4°C/ w/v) and epinephrine (3.9 pM/ litre) . Incubations were carried out in a shaking water bath for 120 min at 37°C under an atmosphere of 95% O<SUB>2</SUB>-5% CO<SUB>2</SUB>. Rate of lipolysis were determined by assaying the production of free fatty acids. Free fatty acids were titrated by Dole's method. Triglyc-eride and protein content in fat pads were assayd by Stern and Shapiro's method and Lowry's method, respectively.<BR>The following results were obtained<BR>1) Triglyceride-to-wet weight ratio and triglyceride-to-protein ratio in the adipose tissue corresponded to age (days) remarkably increased between 35 days and 43 days rats. However, after that, triglyceride-to-wet weight ratio was unchanged up to 350 clays rats.<BR>2) Maximum lipolytic activity of adipose tissue in rats with aging was observed at 29 days in the range studied and after that its lipolytic activity decreased with aging. This decreased phase of lipolytic activity seemed to be divided into two phases : one was fast decrease phase which was observed in the rats before 43 days, and the other was slow decrease in the rats after 57 days.<BR>3) Relationship between lipolytic activity and triglyceride-to-protein ratio in adipose tissue during aging showed inverse curvelinear relation, and it was found that lipolytic activity of adipose tissue was extremely inhibited at triglyceride-to-protein ratio more than ten.<BR>From these results, we assumed that increase of triglyceride content in adipose tissue was related with the decrease of lipolytic activity during aging and that the lipolytic activity of adipose tissue would be enhanced with decrease in triglyceride-to-protein ratio inversely.
ABSTRACT
For adult rats fed on the following six kinds of diets for about 80 days, intermediate metabolic substrates in serum, liver and skeletal muscle were determined. The components of feeding diet are as follows:<BR>1. STANDARD DIEF : 18% protein, 100 oil & 65% dextrin.<BR>2. HIGH PROTEIN-HIGH FAT DIET: 29% protein, 25% oil & 39% dextrin.<BR>3. LOW PROTEIN-LOW FAT DIET: 9% protein, 2% oil & 82% dextrin.<BR>4. STANDARD DIET modified with choline chloride & vitamin B, C & E.<BR>5. HIGH PROTEIN-HIGH FAT DIET modified with choline chloride & vitamin B, C & E.<BR>6. LOW PROTEIN-LOW FAT DIET modified with choline chloride & vitamin B, C & E. (reference : 1, 2, 3 ; due to National Institute of Nutrition)<BR>As the results increase of body weight was the least 3rd diet group, and by addition of choline chloride (above 4th, 5th & 6th diet groups) it were generally inhibited. Especially the latter phenomenon was remarkably observed in 6th diet group. Although intermediate metabolic substrates in skeletal muscle were no difference from their control levels, triglyceride and cholesterol of liver reduced also in 4th, 5th & 6th diet group, and FFA level of it increased on contrary. The triglycerides of interscapular brown fat and white fat of epididymis reduced in 4th, 5th & 6th diet groups. Furthermore, increase of triglyceride, FFA and cholesterol in serum observed in above 4th, 5th & 6th diet group, which will suggest that they might be removed from brown or white fat and choline chloride might play an important role of lipid-releasing effect from those tissues.
ABSTRACT
Since manifestation of exercise proteinuria was reported by Leube (1878), the nature of exercise urinary protein has been extensively studied. The physiological mechanisms of increased excretion of urinary protein during and after exercise still remain to be obscured. The investigation presented here, were performed for the purpose of knowing the decreasing rate of soccer players body weight in each position during the soccer game, which was considered as a prolonged heavy exercise, of identifing the excretion of exercise proteinuria after performance of the game, and of studying the relation among urinary total protein at that time and its fraction in disc-electrophoresis.<BR>The protein fractions of urine by disc-electrophoresis, compared with serum, manifested slight albumin fraction at rest, but it much increased after the game, and furthermore α<SUB>1</SUB>-, α<SUB>2</SUB>-globulin, transf errin and γ-globulin were observed.<BR>The decreasing rate of body weight, total protein level and its albumin fraction mutually have the parallel relationship. Urine albumin fraction could have a relation to the decrease of body weight of athlete in each position rather than total protein.<BR>These results mentioned above would suggest the exsistence of some relationship between the total volume of exercise and excretion of urine protein, especially albumin.
ABSTRACT
In the studies of physical motion analysis the multiple photographic method with a stroboscope or the fast motion picture which has been used, are not sufficient to pursue a motion of some kinds of sports and of some hidden physical spot only from one direction and difficult to synchronize picture obtaind from three direction.<BR>To make use of electrical engineering from the points of Physiology and Kinesiology, it is worthy of pursuing a physical motion on three dimensions, up & down, right & left and before & behind at once, and furthermore, physiological phenomena in electrocardiogram and electromyogram with connection to the above analyzer.<BR>For that purpose a physical locomotion pursuit analyzer (SN-type, refered to PLPA later on) was devised.<BR>The present devised analyzer is composed of a three dimensions-accelerometor in a gyroscope, a preamplifier, a integration amplifier and a pen-writing recorder.<BR>As already known in the principle of physics, velocity can be obtained by single integration of acceleration rate and displacement by double integration of a acceleration rate.<BR>In above the PLPA, therefore, acceleration rate, velocity and displacement, each of three dimensions can be determined. Capacity of the present analyzer was as follows; Frequency rate : 1.5-20.0 HZ (Static accelerated component under 1.5 HZ was cut by differentiation circuit of DC-cut), time constant of electrical integration circuit : about 0.2sec.<BR>In the present report the outline of PLPA and some data of our experiments obtained by use of it were dealt.<BR>The problems of the telemetering system of this analyzer and digital exhibition by connection to computer require further study.